WoW Forever talent calculator
Spells /Seal of Righteousness
Spell · Paladin · Holy · Ranks 1-8

Seal of Righteousness

Seal of Righteousness, a Paladin Holy ability, was changed in WoW Forever: 8 of 8 ranks differ from Classic Era. Rank 8: 200 Mana, instant cast, requires level 58 (tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 22 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 75 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables). Pick any rank to compare its tooltip with Classic Era.

Spell · Holy · Rank 1 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 1) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

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Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 1 · Holy school
20 Mana · Instant
Requires level 1
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 1.2 to 4.3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time.

Melee attacks cause an additional 1.2 to 4.3 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 1 · Holy school
20 Mana · Instant
Requires level 1
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 1 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 5 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 1 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 5 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20187s3 to $/25;20187s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20187s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20187s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;s1 to $/25;s1 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($s1/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($s1/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 2 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 2) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 2 · Holy school
40 Mana · Instant
Requires level 10
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 2.5 to 8.6 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 25 to 27 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 2.5 to 8.6 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 2 · Holy school
40 Mana · Instant
Requires level 10
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 3 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 9 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 26 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 3 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 9 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20280s3 to $/25;20280s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20280s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20280s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20280s3 to $/25;20280s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20280s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20280s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20280s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20280s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 3 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 3) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

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Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 3 · Holy school
60 Mana · Instant
Requires level 18
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 4 to 14.1 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 39 to 43 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 4 to 14.1 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 3 · Holy school
60 Mana · Instant
Requires level 18
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 4 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 15 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 41 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 4 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 15 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20281s3 to $/25;20281s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20281s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20281s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20281s3 to $/25;20281s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20281s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20281s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20281s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20281s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 4 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 4) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 4 · Holy school
90 Mana · Instant
Requires level 26
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 6.2 to 21.6 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 57 to 63 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 6.2 to 21.6 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 4 · Holy school
90 Mana · Instant
Requires level 26
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 7 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 23 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 60 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 7 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 23 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20282s3 to $/25;20282s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20282s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20282s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20282s3 to $/25;20282s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20282s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20282s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20282s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20282s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 5 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 5) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 5 · Holy school
120 Mana · Instant
Requires level 34
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 9 to 31.4 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 78 to 86 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 9 to 31.4 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 5 · Holy school
120 Mana · Instant
Requires level 34
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 9 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 33 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 82 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 9 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 33 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20283s3 to $/25;20283s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20283s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20283s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20283s3 to $/25;20283s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20283s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20283s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20283s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20283s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 6 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 6) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 6 · Holy school
140 Mana · Instant
Requires level 42
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 12.4 to 43.3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 102 to 112 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 12.4 to 43.3 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 6 · Holy school
140 Mana · Instant
Requires level 42
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 13 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 45 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 107 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 13 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 45 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20284s3 to $/25;20284s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20284s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20284s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20284s3 to $/25;20284s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20284s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20284s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20284s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20284s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 7 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 7) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 7 · Holy school
170 Mana · Instant
Requires level 50
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 16.2 to 56.3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 131 to 143 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 16.2 to 56.3 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 7 · Holy school
170 Mana · Instant
Requires level 50
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 17 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 59 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 137 Holy damage to an enemy.

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 17 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 59 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20285s3 to $/25;20285s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20285s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20285s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20285s3 to $/25;20285s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20285s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20285s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20285s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20285s1 Holy damage to an enemy.
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

Spell · Holy · Rank 8 changed

Seal of Righteousness (Rank 8) tooltip: Classic Era vs WoW Forever

The same tooltip players see in-game, side by side, with each changed line marked.

of 8
Classic Era Sep 29, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 8 · Holy school
200 Mana · Instant
Requires level 58
Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 20.5 to 71.4 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 162 to 178 Holy damage to an enemy.

Melee attacks cause an additional 20.5 to 71.4 Holy damage.
Forever Oct 22, 2026
Seal of Righteousness
Rank 8 · Holy school
200 Mana · Instant
Requires level 58
Changed: Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for 30 sec, granting each melee attack an additional 22 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 75 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause 170 Holy damage to an enemy. 5

Changed: Melee attacks cause an additional 22 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 75 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.
changed value added in Forever removed in Forever
Raw field diff every changed column
Field Classic Era Forever
auraDescription Melee attacks cause an additional $/87;20286s3 to $/25;20286s3 Holy damage. Melee attacks cause an additional ${($20286s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20286s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage.
description Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional $/87;20286s3 to $/25;20286s3 Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20286s1 Holy damage to an enemy. Fills the Paladin with holy spirit for $d, granting each melee attack an additional ${($20286s3/87+$<1h>)*$<mult>} to ${($20286s3/25+$<2h>)*$<mult>} Holy damage. Slower weapons cause more Holy damage per swing. Only one Seal can be active on the Paladin at any one time. Unleashing this Seal's energy will cause $20286s1 Holy damage to an enemy. $20224s1
descriptionVariables none $2h=${0.12*$SPH} $1h=${0.0765*$SPH} $mult=${$20224s1/100+1}

See every changed record in the Oct 22, 2026 build →

What changed for Seal of Righteousness in WoW Forever

Seal of Righteousness changes between Forever builds

  • In the Oct 16, 2026 (70425) build (vs Oct 14, 2026)

    • Rank 1 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 1 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 5 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 2 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 3 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 9 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 3 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 4 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 15 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 4 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 7 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 23 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 5 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 9 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 33 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 6 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 13 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 45 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 7 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 17 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 59 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables
    • Rank 8 changed tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 22 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 75 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables

Other client rows with this name and rank

The client ships more than one row for a rank of Seal of Righteousness (an internal or triggered twin sharing the name and rank). The row with the in-game description is shown above; the others keep their own page.

Related to Seal of Righteousness

Talents that affect Seal of Righteousness

Questions about Seal of Righteousness

Was Seal of Righteousness nerfed in WoW Forever?

Seal of Righteousness is listed as changed, not nerfed or buffed: no cast time, cost, cooldown or range moved in WoW Forever compared with Classic Era.

What changed for Seal of Righteousness in WoW Forever?

Rank 1: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 1 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 5 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 2: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 3 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 9 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 3: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 4 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 15 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 4: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 7 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 23 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 5: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 9 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 33 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 6: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 13 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 45 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 7: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 17 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 59 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Rank 8: tooltip text changed, buff text now says "Melee attacks cause an additional 22 (+ 8.0325% of your Spell Power) to 75 (+ 12.6% of your Spell Power) Holy damage.", updated description variables. Each rank's Classic Era and WoW Forever tooltips are shown side by side on this page.

Which class gets Seal of Righteousness in WoW Forever?

Seal of Righteousness is a Paladin ability in WoW Forever, in the Holy spellbook tab.

Read from the Oct 22, 2026 build (1.60.1.70532), compared against Classic Era Sep 29, 2026 (1.15.9.70003) ·synced Oct 22, 2026 · how we read this → · report a wrong value